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Toxoplasma gondii

  • Open Access
    Mimicry Embedding Facilitates Advanced Neural Network Training for Image-Based Pathogen Detection
    Editor's Pick Research Article | Host-Microbe Biology
    Mimicry Embedding Facilitates Advanced Neural Network Training for Image-Based Pathogen Detection

    In biology, the use of deep neural networks (DNNs) for analysis of pathogen infection is hampered by a lack of large verified data sets needed for rapid network evolution. Artificial neural networks detect handwritten digits with high precision thanks to large data sets, such as MNIST, that allow nearly unlimited training. Here, we developed a novel strategy we call mimicry embedding, which allows artificial intelligence (AI)-based...

    Artur Yakimovich, Moona Huttunen, Jerzy Samolej, Barbara Clough, Nagisa Yoshida, Serge Mostowy, Eva-Maria Frickel, Jason Mercer
  • Open Access
    Transcriptional Profiling Suggests T Cells Cluster around Neurons Injected with <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Toxoplasma gondii</span> Proteins
    Research Article | Host-Microbe Biology
    Transcriptional Profiling Suggests T Cells Cluster around Neurons Injected with Toxoplasma gondii Proteins

    Like other persistent intracellular pathogens, Toxoplasma gondii, a protozoan parasite, has evolved to evade the immune system and establish a chronic infection in specific cells and organs, including neurons in the CNS. Understanding T. gondii’s persistence in neurons holds the potential to identify novel, curative drug targets. The work presented here...

    Emily F. Merritt, Hannah J. Johnson, Zhee Sheen Wong, Adam S. Buntzman, Austin C. Conklin, Carla M. Cabral, Casey E. Romanoski, Jon P. Boyle, Anita A. Koshy
  • Open Access
    Succinylated Wheat Germ Agglutinin Colocalizes with the <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Toxoplasma gondii</span> Cyst Wall Glycoprotein CST1
    Editor's Pick Research Article | Host-Microbe Biology
    Succinylated Wheat Germ Agglutinin Colocalizes with the Toxoplasma gondii Cyst Wall Glycoprotein CST1

    Chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection is maintained in the central nervous system by thick-walled cysts. If host immunity wanes, cysts recrudesce and cause severe and often lethal toxoplasmic encephalitis. Currently, there are no therapies to eliminate cysts, and little biological information is available regarding cyst structure(s). Here, we investigated cyst wall...

    Rebekah B. Guevara, Barbara A. Fox, David J. Bzik
  • Open Access
    MAG2, a <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Toxoplasma gondii</span> Bradyzoite Stage-Specific Cyst Matrix Protein
    Research Article | Host-Microbe Biology
    MAG2, a Toxoplasma gondii Bradyzoite Stage-Specific Cyst Matrix Protein

    This report expands on the list of characterized Toxoplasma gondii cyst matrix proteins. Using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), we have shown that matrix proteins within the cyst matrix are not mainly in a mobile state, providing further evidence of how proteins behave within the cyst matrix. Understanding the proteins expressed during the bradyzoite...

    Vincent Tu, Joshua Mayoral, Rama R. Yakubu, Tadakimi Tomita, Tatsuki Sugi, Bing Han, Tere Williams, Yanfen Ma, Louis M. Weiss
  • Open Access
    <em>Toxoplasma</em> Cathepsin Protease B and Aspartyl Protease 1 Are Dispensable for Endolysosomal Protein Digestion
    Research Article | Host-Microbe Biology
    Toxoplasma Cathepsin Protease B and Aspartyl Protease 1 Are Dispensable for Endolysosomal Protein Digestion

    Roughly one-third of the human population is chronically infected with the intracellular single-celled parasite Toxoplasma gondii, but little is known about how this organism persists inside people. Previous research suggested that a parasite proteolytic enzyme, termed cathepsin protease L, is important for Toxoplasma persistence; however, it remained...

    Christian McDonald, David Smith, Manlio Di Cristina, Geetha Kannan, Zhicheng Dou, Vern B. Carruthers
  • Open Access
    <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Toxoplasma gondii</span> Dysregulates Barrier Function and Mechanotransduction Signaling in Human Endothelial Cells
    Research Article | Host-Microbe Biology
    Toxoplasma gondii Dysregulates Barrier Function and Mechanotransduction Signaling in Human Endothelial Cells

    Toxoplasma gondii is a foodborne parasite that infects virtually all warm-blooded animals and can cause severe disease in individuals with compromised or weakened immune systems. During dissemination in its infected hosts, T. gondii breaches endothelial barriers to enter tissues and establish the...

    Armond L. Franklin-Murray, Sharmila Mallya, Allen Jankeel, Suhas Sureshchandra, Ilhem Messaoudi, Melissa B. Lodoen
  • Open Access
    <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Toxoplasma gondii</span> Parasitophorous Vacuole Membrane-Associated Dense Granule Proteins Regulate Maturation of the Cyst Wall
    Research Article | Molecular Biology and Physiology
    Toxoplasma gondii Parasitophorous Vacuole Membrane-Associated Dense Granule Proteins Regulate Maturation of the Cyst Wall

    Toxoplasma gondii establishes chronic infection in humans by forming thick-walled cysts that persist in the brain. Once host immunity wanes, cysts reactivate to cause severe, and often lethal, toxoplasmic encephalitis. There is no available therapy to eliminate cysts or to prevent their reactivation. Furthermore, how the cyst membrane and cyst wall structures develop...

    Rebekah B. Guevara, Barbara A. Fox, David J. Bzik
  • Open Access
    <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Toxoplasma gondii</span> Intravacuolar-Network-Associated Dense Granule Proteins Regulate Maturation of the Cyst Matrix and Cyst Wall
    Research Article | Host-Microbe Biology
    Toxoplasma gondii Intravacuolar-Network-Associated Dense Granule Proteins Regulate Maturation of the Cyst Matrix and Cyst Wall

    Toxoplasma gondii establishes chronic infection in humans by forming thick-walled cysts that persist in the brain. If host immunity wanes, cysts reactivate to cause severe, and often lethal, toxoplasmic encephalitis. There is no available therapy to eliminate cysts or to prevent their reactivation. Moreover, how the vital and characteristic cyst matrix and cyst wall...

    Rebekah B. Guevara, Barbara A. Fox, Alejandra Falla, David J. Bzik
  • Open Access
    Biological Diagnosis of Ocular Toxoplasmosis: a Nine-Year Retrospective Observational Study
    Research Article | Clinical Science and Epidemiology
    Biological Diagnosis of Ocular Toxoplasmosis: a Nine-Year Retrospective Observational Study

    Ocular toxoplasmosis (OT), a parasitic infection of the eye, is considered to be the most important infectious cause of posterior uveitis worldwide. Its prevalence is particularly high in South America, where aggressive Toxoplasma gondii strains are responsible for more-severe presentations. The particular pathophysiology of this infection leads, from recurrence to...

    Valentin Greigert, Alexander W. Pfaff, Arnaud Sauer, Denis Filisetti, Ermanno Candolfi, Odile Villard
  • Open Access
    Neighbors Working Together: a <em>Toxoplasma</em> Rhoptry Protein That Facilitates Dense Granule Protein Translocation into the Host Cell
    Commentary | Host-Microbe Biology
    Neighbors Working Together: a Toxoplasma Rhoptry Protein That Facilitates Dense Granule Protein Translocation into the Host Cell

    The opportunistic pathogen Toxoplasma gondii is highly adept at manipulating host cell functions. While inside a host cell, Toxoplasma divides within a parasitophorous vacuole from which it secretes numerous effector proteins from its dense granules. Many of these so-called GRA proteins are translocated from the parsitophorous vacuole into the host cell where...

    Gustavo Arrizabalaga

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