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Archive

March/April 2021; Volume 6,Issue 2

Research Article

  • Protein Interactomes of <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Streptococcus mutans</span> YidC1 and YidC2 Membrane Protein Insertases Suggest SRP Pathway-Independent- and -Dependent Functions, Respectively
    Research Article | Molecular Biology and Physiology
    Protein Interactomes of Streptococcus mutans YidC1 and YidC2 Membrane Protein Insertases Suggest SRP Pathway-Independent- and -Dependent Functions, Respectively

    Streptococcus mutans is a prevalent oral pathogen and major causative agent of tooth decay. Many proteins that enable this bacterium to thrive in its environmental niche and cause disease are embedded in its cytoplasmic membrane.

    Patricia Lara Vasquez, Surabhi Mishra, Senthil K. Kuppuswamy, Paula J. Crowley, L. Jeannine Brady
    3 Mar 2021
  • Comparative Genomics Reveals Prophylactic and Catabolic Capabilities of <em>Actinobacteria</em> within the Fungus-Farming Termite Symbiosis
    Research Article | Ecological and Evolutionary Science
    Comparative Genomics Reveals Prophylactic and Catabolic Capabilities of Actinobacteria within the Fungus-Farming Termite Symbiosis

    Actinobacteria have repeatedly been isolated in fungus-farming termites, and our genome analyses provide insights into the potential roles they may serve in defense and for plant biomass breakdown. These insights, combined with their relatively higher abundances in fungus combs than in termite gut, suggest that they are more likely to play roles in fungus combs than in termite guts.

    Robert Murphy, René Benndorf, Z. Wilhelm de Beer, John Vollmers, Anne-Kristin Kaster, Christine Beemelmanns, Michael Poulsen
    3 Mar 2021
  • Evaluating the Antimicrobial Properties of Commercial Hand Sanitizers
    Editor's Pick Research Article
    Evaluating the Antimicrobial Properties of Commercial Hand Sanitizers

    In response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, hand hygiene has taken on a prominent role in efforts to mitigate SARS-CoV-2 transmission and infection, which has led to a radical increase in the number and types of hand sanitizers manufactured to meet public demand. To our knowledge, no studies have evaluated or compared the antimicrobial performance of hand sanitizers that are being produced under COVID-19 emergency...

    M. Chojnacki, C. Dobrotka, R. Osborn, W. Johnson, M. Young, B. Meyer, E. Laskey, R. A. F. Wozniak, S. Dewhurst, P. M. Dunman
    3 Mar 2021
  • Serum Antibody Responses against Carbapenem-Resistant <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Klebsiella pneumoniae</span> in Infected Patients
    Research Article
    Serum Antibody Responses against Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in Infected Patients

    Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae is a rapidly emerging public health threat that can cause fatal infections in up to 50% of affected patients. Due to its resistance to nearly all antimicrobials, development of alternate therapies like antibodies and vaccines is urgently needed.

    Kasturi Banerjee, Michael P. Motley, Elizabeth Diago-Navarro, Bettina C. Fries
    3 Mar 2021
  • Genomic Epidemiology of CC30 Methicillin-Resistant <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Staphylococcus aureus</span> Strains from Argentina Reveals Four Major Clades with Distinctive Genetic Features
    Research Article
    Genomic Epidemiology of CC30 Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains from Argentina Reveals Four Major Clades with Distinctive Genetic Features

    The rise in prevalence of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) is of public health concern. In Argentina, several studies documented a shift in the epidemiology of CA-MRSA since 2009, with clonal complex 30 (CC30) and, in particular, sequence type 30 MRSA SCCmec type IV(ST30-MRSA-IV) replacing other clones both in...

    Sabrina Di Gregorio, María Sol Haim, Jesús Vielma Vallenilla, Victoria Cohen, Lucía Rago, Lucía Gulone, David M. Aanensen, Silvia Argimón, Marta Mollerach
    10 Mar 2021
  • A Spontaneous <em>rapZ</em> Mutant Impairs Infectivity of Lytic Bacteriophage vB_EcoM_JS09 against Enterotoxigenic <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Escherichia coli</span>
    Research Article
    A Spontaneous rapZ Mutant Impairs Infectivity of Lytic Bacteriophage vB_EcoM_JS09 against Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli

    The development of phage-resistant bacteria is a challenging problem for phage therapy. However, our knowledge of phage resistance mechanisms is still limited.

    Yan Zhou, Hongduo Bao, Hui Zhang, Maoda Pang, Shujiao Zhu, Ran Wang
    3 Mar 2021
  • Whole-Genome Enrichment and Sequencing of <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Chlamydia trachomatis</span> Directly from Patient Clinical Vaginal and Rectal Swabs
    Research Article
    Whole-Genome Enrichment and Sequencing of Chlamydia trachomatis Directly from Patient Clinical Vaginal and Rectal Swabs

    Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular bacterium that is not easily cultured, which limits our understanding of urogenital and rectal C. trachomatis transmission and impact on morbidity. To provide a publicly available workflow for whole-genome target enrichment and sequencing of...

    Katherine E. Bowden, Sandeep J. Joseph, John C. Cartee, Noa Ziklo, Damien Danavall, Brian H. Raphael, Timothy D. Read, Deborah Dean
    3 Mar 2021
  • High-Throughput Screen for Inhibitors of the Type IV Pilus Assembly ATPase PilB
    Research Article
    High-Throughput Screen for Inhibitors of the Type IV Pilus Assembly ATPase PilB

    Many bacterial pathogens use their type IV pili (T4P) to facilitate and maintain infection of a human host. Small chemical compounds that inhibit the production or assembly of T4P have promise in the treatment and prevention of infections, especially in the era of increasing threats from antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

    Keane J. Dye, Nancy J. Vogelaar, Pablo Sobrado, Zhaomin Yang
    3 Mar 2021
  • Comparative Study of the Susceptibility to Oxidative Stress between Two Types of <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Mycobacterium bovis</span> BCG Tokyo 172
    Research Article
    Comparative Study of the Susceptibility to Oxidative Stress between Two Types of Mycobacterium bovis BCG Tokyo 172

    This study revealed the difference of in vivo and in vitro antioxidative stress properties of BCG Tokyo 172 types I and II as one of the bacteriological characteristics. In particular, the bacilli exhibited differences in catalase/peroxidase activity, which could explain their different protective effects against infection.

    Keiichi Taniguchi, Daisuke Hayashi, Naomi Yasuda, Mao Nakayama, Kaori Yazawa, Shouta Ogawa, Yuji Miyatake, Saki Suda, Haruka Tomita, Miki Tokuda, Saotomo Itoh, Jun-ichi Maeyama, Naoya Ohara, Saburo Yamamoto, Shigeaki Hida, Kikuo Onozaki, Takemasa Takii
    10 Mar 2021
  • Pathogenesis Study of Enterovirus 71 Using a Novel Human SCARB2 Knock-In Mouse Model
    Editor's Pick Research Article
    Pathogenesis Study of Enterovirus 71 Using a Novel Human SCARB2 Knock-In Mouse Model

    Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is associated with severe hand-foot-mouth disease. Recently, outbreaks of EV71 infection with high mortality have been reported in the Asia-Pacific region, posing a great challenge for global public health.

    Yuefei Jin, Tiantian Sun, Guangyuan Zhou, Dong Li, Shuaiyin Chen, Weiguo Zhang, Xueyuan Li, Rongguang Zhang, Haiyan Yang, Guangcai Duan
    10 Mar 2021
  • GraXRS-Dependent Resistance of <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Staphylococcus aureus</span> to Human Osteoarthritic Synovial Fluid
    Research Article
    GraXRS-Dependent Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to Human Osteoarthritic Synovial Fluid

    Osteoarthritis, a degenerative disease that results in the breakdown of joint cartilage and underlying bone, is the most prevalent joint disease in the United States. Surgical intervention, including total joint replacement, is a clinically effective procedure that can help to restore the patient’s quality of life.

    David W. Watson, Santiago L. Iglesias, Edward M. Vasarhelyi, David E. Heinrichs
    10 Mar 2021
  • The ABC-Type Efflux Pump MacAB Is Involved in Protection of <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Serratia marcescens</span> against Aminoglycoside Antibiotics, Polymyxins, and Oxidative Stress
    Research Article
    The ABC-Type Efflux Pump MacAB Is Involved in Protection of Serratia marcescens against Aminoglycoside Antibiotics, Polymyxins, and Oxidative Stress

    The opportunistic pathogen Serratia marcescens can cause urinary tract infections, respiratory infections, meningitis, and sepsis in immunocompromised individuals. These infections are challenging to treat due to the intrinsic resistance of S. marcescens to an extensive array of antibiotics.

    ...
    Tatiana V. Shirshikova, Cecilia G. Sierra-Bakhshi, Leisan K. Kamaletdinova, Lilia E. Matrosova, Nailya N. Khabipova, Vladimir G. Evtugyn, Irina V. Khilyas, Iuliia V. Danilova, Ayslu M. Mardanova, Margarita R. Sharipova, Lydia M. Bogomolnaya
    10 Mar 2021
  • Broadly Reactive H2 Hemagglutinin Vaccines Elicit Cross-Reactive Antibodies in Ferrets Preimmune to Seasonal Influenza A Viruses
    Research Article
    Broadly Reactive H2 Hemagglutinin Vaccines Elicit Cross-Reactive Antibodies in Ferrets Preimmune to Seasonal Influenza A Viruses

    H1N1 and H3N2 influenza viruses have cocirculated in the human population since 1977. Nearly every human alive today has antibodies and memory B and T cells against these two subtypes of influenza viruses.

    Z. Beau Reneer, Amanda L. Skarlupka, Parker J. Jamieson, Ted M. Ross
    10 Mar 2021
  • Machine Learning Prediction and Experimental Validation of Antigenic Drift in H3 Influenza A Viruses in Swine
    Research Article
    Machine Learning Prediction and Experimental Validation of Antigenic Drift in H3 Influenza A Viruses in Swine

    Influenza A viruses (IAV) in swine constitute a major economic burden to an important global agricultural sector, impact food security, and are a public health threat. Despite significant improvement in surveillance for IAV in swine over the past 10 years, sequence data have not been integrated into a systematic vaccine strain selection process for predicting antigenic phenotype and identifying determinants of antigenic drift.

    ...
    Michael A. Zeller, Phillip C. Gauger, Zebulun W. Arendsee, Carine K. Souza, Amy L. Vincent, Tavis K. Anderson
    17 Mar 2021
  • Microbial Diversity and Mercury Methylation Activity in Periphytic Biofilms at a Run-of-River Hydroelectric Dam and Constructed Wetlands
    Research Article
    Microbial Diversity and Mercury Methylation Activity in Periphytic Biofilms at a Run-of-River Hydroelectric Dam and Constructed Wetlands

    Monomethylmercury (MMHg) is a biomagnifiable neurotoxin of global concern with risks to human health mostly associated with fish consumption. Hydroelectric reservoirs are known to be sources of MMHg many years after their impoundment.

    Maxime Leclerc, Makayla C. Harrison, Veronika Storck, Dolors Planas, Marc Amyot, David A. Walsh
    17 Mar 2021
  • <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Streptococcus suis</span> MsmK: Novel Cell Division Protein Interacting with FtsZ and Maintaining Cell Shape
    Research Article
    Streptococcus suis MsmK: Novel Cell Division Protein Interacting with FtsZ and Maintaining Cell Shape

    Bacterial cell division is a highly ordered process regulated in time and space and is a potential target for the development of antimicrobial drugs. Bacteria of distinct shapes depend on different cell division mechanisms, but the mechanisms used by ovococci remain largely unknown.

    Mei-Fang Tan, Qiao Hu, Zhe Hu, Chun-Yan Zhang, Wan-Quan Liu, Ting Gao, Liang-Sheng Zhang, Lun Yao, Hai-Qin Li, Yan-Bin Zeng, Rui Zhou
    17 Mar 2021
  • Stage-Specific <em>De Novo</em> Synthesis of Very-Long-Chain Dihydroceramides Confers Dormancy to <em>Entamoeba</em> Parasites
    Research Article
    Stage-Specific De Novo Synthesis of Very-Long-Chain Dihydroceramides Confers Dormancy to Entamoeba Parasites

    Entamoeba is a protozoan parasite that thrives in its niche by alternating its two forms between a proliferative trophozoite and dormant cyst. Cysts are the only form able to transmit to a new host and are differentiated from trophozoites in a process termed “encystation.” During Entamoeba encystation, cell metabolites, components, and morphology drastically change, which occur sequentially in an orchestrated manner....

    Fumika Mi-ichi, Kazutaka Ikeda, Hiroshi Tsugawa, Sharmina Deloer, Hiroki Yoshida, Makoto Arita
    17 Mar 2021
  • <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Staphylococcus aureus</span> Responds to Physiologically Relevant Temperature Changes by Altering Its Global Transcript and Protein Profile
    Research Article
    Staphylococcus aureus Responds to Physiologically Relevant Temperature Changes by Altering Its Global Transcript and Protein Profile

    Enteric bacterial pathogens, like Escherichia coli, are known to experience large temperature differences as they are transmitted through the fecal oral route. This change in temperature has been demonstrated to influence bacterial gene expression and facilitate infection. Staphylococcus aureus is a...

    Raeven A. Bastock, Emily C. Marino, Richard E. Wiemels, Donald L. Holzschu, Rebecca A. Keogh, Rachel L. Zapf, Erin R. Murphy, Ronan K. Carroll
    17 Mar 2021
  • Photochromic Fluorophores Enable Imaging of Lowly Expressed Proteins in the Autofluorescent Fungus <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Candida albicans</span>
    Research Article
    Photochromic Fluorophores Enable Imaging of Lowly Expressed Proteins in the Autofluorescent Fungus Candida albicans

    Understanding the spatial and temporal organization of proteins of interest is key to unraveling cellular processes and identifying novel possible antifungal targets. Only a few therapeutic targets have been discovered in Candida albicans, and resistance mechanisms against these therapeutic agents are rapidly acquired.

    Wouter Van Genechten, Liesbeth Demuyser, Sam Duwé, Wim Vandenberg, Patrick Van Dijck, Peter Dedecker
    17 Mar 2021
  • Bovine Immune Response to Vaccination and Infection with <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Leptospira borgpetersenii</span> Serovar Hardjo
    Research Article
    Bovine Immune Response to Vaccination and Infection with Leptospira borgpetersenii Serovar Hardjo

    Leptospirosis is an underdiagnosed, underreported zoonotic disease of which domestic livestock can be carriers. As a reservoir host for Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo, cattle may present with reproductive issues, including abortion, birth of weak or infected calves, or failure to breed.

    Jennifer H. Wilson-Welder, David P. Alt, Jarlath E. Nally, Steven C. Olsen
    24 Mar 2021
  • An Assessment of Siderophore Production, Mucoviscosity, and Mouse Infection Models for Defining the Virulence Spectrum of Hypervirulent <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Klebsiella pneumoniae</span>
    Research Article
    An Assessment of Siderophore Production, Mucoviscosity, and Mouse Infection Models for Defining the Virulence Spectrum of Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae

    The pathogenic potential of hvKp strains is primarily mediated by a large virulence plasmid. The minimal set of genes required for the full expression of the hypervirulent phenotype is undefined.

    Thomas A. Russo, Ulrike MacDonald, Sidra Hassan, Ellie Camanzo, Francois LeBreton, Brendan Corey, Patrick McGann
    24 Mar 2021
  • Dissecting Individual Interactions between Pathogenic and Commensal Bacteria within a Multispecies Gut Microbial Community
    Research Article
    Dissecting Individual Interactions between Pathogenic and Commensal Bacteria within a Multispecies Gut Microbial Community

    Studying interactions between bacterial species that reside in the human gut is crucial for gaining a better insight into how they provide protection from pathogen colonization. In vitro models of multispecies bacterial communities wherein behaviors of single species can be accurately tracked are key to such studies. Here, we have developed a synthetic, trackable, gut microbiota community which reduces growth of the human gut...

    Jack Hassall, Jeffrey K. J. Cheng, Meera Unnikrishnan
    24 Mar 2021
  • LuxR Solos from Environmental Fluorescent Pseudomonads
    Research Article
    LuxR Solos from Environmental Fluorescent Pseudomonads

    Cell-cell communication in bacteria is being extensively studied in simple settings and uses chemical signals and cognate regulators/receptors. Many Gram-negative proteobacteria use acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) synthesized by LuxI family proteins and cognate LuxR-type receptors to regulate their quorum sensing (QS) target loci.

    Cristina Bez, Sonia Covaceuzach, Iris Bertani, Kumari Sonal Choudhary, Vittorio Venturi
    31 Mar 2021
  • Stability of SARS-CoV-2 Spike G614 Variant Surpasses That of the D614 Variant after Cold Storage
    Research Article
    Stability of SARS-CoV-2 Spike G614 Variant Surpasses That of the D614 Variant after Cold Storage

    It has been observed that variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are more stable and infectious after storage at −20°C than at 4°C. A SARS-CoV-2 S-D614G variant is currently the most dominant variant in circulation and is associated with enhanced infectivity.

    Sheng-Yu Huang, Yu-An Kung, Peng-Nien Huang, Sheng-Yun Chang, Yu-Nong Gong, Yi-Ju Han, Huan-Jung Chiang, Kuan-Ting Liu, Kuo-Ming Lee, Chia-Yu Chang, Chia-Ching Chang, Chung-Guei Huang, Shin-Ru Shih
    31 Mar 2021
  • Additional Feeding Reveals Differences in Immune Recognition and Growth of <em>Plasmodium</em> Parasites in the Mosquito Host
    Research Article
    Additional Feeding Reveals Differences in Immune Recognition and Growth of Plasmodium Parasites in the Mosquito Host

    Mosquitoes must blood feed multiple times to acquire and transmit malaria. However, the impact of an additional mosquito blood meal following malaria parasite infection has not been closely examined.

    Hyeogsun Kwon, Maria L. Simões, Rebekah A. Reynolds, George Dimopoulos, Ryan C. Smith
    31 Mar 2021
  • Expanding the Known Repertoire of C-Type Lectin Receptors Binding to <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Toxoplasma gondii</span> Oocysts Using a Modified High-Resolution Immunofluorescence Assay
    Research Article
    Expanding the Known Repertoire of C-Type Lectin Receptors Binding to Toxoplasma gondii Oocysts Using a Modified High-Resolution Immunofluorescence Assay

    Knowledge of oocyst biology of Toxoplasma gondii is limited, not the least due to its limited availability. We describe a method that allowed us to process minute amounts of oocysts for immunofluorescence microscopy without compromising their structural properties.

    Benedikt T. Fabian, Bernd Lepenies, Gereon Schares, Jitender P. Dubey, Furio Spano, Frank Seeber
    31 Mar 2021
  • <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Escherichia coli</span> Nissle 1917 Enhances Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses in a Ciprofloxacin-Treated Defined-Microbiota Piglet Model of Human Rotavirus Infection
    Research Article
    Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 Enhances Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses in a Ciprofloxacin-Treated Defined-Microbiota Piglet Model of Human Rotavirus Infection

    Rotavirus (RV) is a primary cause of malabsorptive diarrhea in children and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, especially in developing countries. The use of antibiotics exacerbates intestinal microbial imbalance and results in the persistence of RV-induced diarrhea.

    Husheem Michael, Francine C. Paim, Stephanie N. Langel, Ayako Miyazaki, David D. Fischer, Juliet Chepngeno, Joshua Amimo, Loic Deblais, Gireesh Rajashekara, Linda J. Saif, Anastasia N. Vlasova
    31 Mar 2021
  • Genome-Based Targeted Sequencing as a Reproducible Microbial Community Profiling Assay
    Research Article
    Genome-Based Targeted Sequencing as a Reproducible Microbial Community Profiling Assay

    New methods for profiling the microbial communities can create new approaches to understanding the composition and function of those communities. In this study, we combined bacterial genome-specific probe design with a highly multiplexed single primer extension reaction as a new method to profile microbial communities, using stool from various mouse strains as a test case.

    Jacquelynn Benjamino, Benjamin Leopold, Daniel Phillips, Mark D. Adams
    7 Apr 2021
  • Clustering and Erratic Movement Patterns of Syringe-Injected versus Mosquito-Inoculated Malaria Sporozoites Underlie Decreased Infectivity
    Research Article
    Clustering and Erratic Movement Patterns of Syringe-Injected versus Mosquito-Inoculated Malaria Sporozoites Underlie Decreased Infectivity

    Malaria still causes a major burden on global health and the economy. The efficacy of live, attenuated malaria sporozoites as vaccine candidates critically depends on their ability to migrate to and infect the host liver.

    C. M. de Korne, B. M. F. Winkel, M. N. van Oosterom, S. Chevalley-Maurel, H. M. Houwing, J. C. Sijtsma, S. Azargoshasb, E. Baalbergen, B. M. D. Franke-Fayard, F. W. B. van Leeuwen, M. Roestenberg
    7 Apr 2021
  • Complete Genetic Analysis of Plasmids Carrying <em>mcr-1</em> and Other Resistance Genes in Avian Pathogenic <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Escherichia coli</span> Isolates from Diseased Chickens in Anhui Province in China
    Research Article
    Complete Genetic Analysis of Plasmids Carrying mcr-1 and Other Resistance Genes in Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli Isolates from Diseased Chickens in Anhui Province in China

    In this study, three plasmids carrying mcr-1 were isolated and characterized from APEC isolates from Anhui Province in China. The mcr-1 genes were located on IncI2 plasmids, and these plasmids were transferrable.

    Dongdong Yin, Baoyan Cheng, Kankan Yang, Mei Xue, Yanfeng Lin, Zhonghong Li, Xiangjun Song, Ying Shao, Jian Tu, Peng Li, Kezong Qi
    14 Apr 2021
  • Term Human Placental Trophoblasts Express SARS-CoV-2 Entry Factors ACE2, TMPRSS2, and Furin
    Research Article
    Term Human Placental Trophoblasts Express SARS-CoV-2 Entry Factors ACE2, TMPRSS2, and Furin

    Pregnant women worldwide have been affected by COVID-19. As the virus is commonly spread to various organs via the bloodstream and because human placental trophoblasts are directly bathed in maternal blood, feto-placental infection by SARS-CoV-2 seems likely.

    Yingshi Ouyang, Tarique Bagalkot, Wendy Fitzgerald, Elena Sadovsky, Tianjiao Chu, Ana Martínez-Marchal, Miguel Brieño-Enríquez, Emily J. Su, Leonid Margolis, Alexander Sorkin, Yoel Sadovsky
    14 Apr 2021
  • Life Cycle Dominates the Volatilome Character of Dimorphic Fungus <em>Coccidioides</em> spp.
    Research Article
    Life Cycle Dominates the Volatilome Character of Dimorphic Fungus Coccidioides spp.

    Coccidioidomycosis, or valley fever, causes up to 30% of community-acquired pneumonias in highly populated areas of the U.S. desert southwest where the disease is endemic. The infection is difficult to diagnose by standard serological and histopathological methods, which delays appropriate treatment.

    Emily A. Higgins Keppler, Heather L. Mead, Bridget M. Barker, Heather D. Bean
    14 Apr 2021
  • Oligomerization and Cell Egress Controlled by Two Microdomains of Canine Distemper Virus Matrix Protein
    Research Article
    Oligomerization and Cell Egress Controlled by Two Microdomains of Canine Distemper Virus Matrix Protein

    Despite the availability of efficient vaccines, morbilliviruses (e.g., canine distemper virus [CDV] and measles virus [MeV]) still cause major health impairments. Although antivirals may support vaccination campaigns, approved inhibitors are to date still lacking.

    Matthieu Gast, Nicole P. Kadzioch, Doreen Milius, Francesco Origgi, Philippe Plattet
    14 Apr 2021
  • B Cell Receptor-Responsive miR-141 Enhances Epstein-Barr Virus Lytic Cycle via FOXO3 Inhibition
    Editor's Pick Research Article
    B Cell Receptor-Responsive miR-141 Enhances Epstein-Barr Virus Lytic Cycle via FOXO3 Inhibition

    EBV is a human pathogen associated with several malignancies. A key aspect of lifelong virus persistence is the ability to switch between latent and lytic replication modes.

    Yan Chen, Devin N. Fachko, Nikita S. Ivanov, Rebecca L. Skalsky
    14 Apr 2021

Observation

  • A Point Mutation in the Transcriptional Repressor PerR Results in a Constitutive Oxidative Stress Response in <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Clostridioides difficile</span> 630Δ<em>erm</em>
    Observation
    A Point Mutation in the Transcriptional Repressor PerR Results in a Constitutive Oxidative Stress Response in Clostridioides difficile 630Δerm

    The intestinal pathogen Clostridioides difficile is one of the major challenges in medical facilities nowadays. In order to better combat the bacterium, detailed knowledge of its physiology is mandatory. C. difficile strain 630Δerm was generated in a laboratory from the patient-isolated...

    Daniel Troitzsch, Hao Zhang, Silvia Dittmann, Dorothee Düsterhöft, Timon Alexander Möller, Annika-Marisa Michel, Lothar Jänsch, Katharina Riedel, José Manuel Borrero-de Acuña, Dieter Jahn, Susanne Sievers
    3 Mar 2021
  • <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Cryptococcus neoformans</span> Coinfection Dampens the TNF-α Response in HIV-1-Infected Human THP-1 Macrophages
    Observation
    Cryptococcus neoformans Coinfection Dampens the TNF-α Response in HIV-1-Infected Human THP-1 Macrophages

    Fungal infections are one of the leading causes of death for people who live with HIV/AIDS. Even though these pathogens are independently well studied, it is still enigmatic how coinfection with HIV-1 and C. neoformans alters gene expression and cellular processes, especially in clinically relevant cell types.

    Murat C. Kalem, Monica S. Humby, Elizabeth A. Wohlfert, Amy Jacobs, John C. Panepinto
    24 Mar 2021

Opinion/Hypothesis

  • Original Antigenic Sin: the Downside of Immunological Memory and Implications for COVID-19
    Opinion/Hypothesis
    Original Antigenic Sin: the Downside of Immunological Memory and Implications for COVID-19

    The concept of original antigenic sin (OAS) was put forth many years ago to explain how humoral memory responses generated against one set of antigens can affect the nature of antibody responses elicited to challenge infections or vaccinations containing a similar but not identical array of antigens. Here, we highlight the link between OAS and the germinal center reaction (GCR), a process unique to activated B cells undergoing somatic...

    Eric L. Brown, Heather T. Essigmann
    10 Mar 2021
  • Evenness-Richness Scatter Plots: a Visual and Insightful Representation of Shannon Entropy Measurements for Ecological Community Analysis
    Opinion/Hypothesis
    Evenness-Richness Scatter Plots: a Visual and Insightful Representation of Shannon Entropy Measurements for Ecological Community Analysis

    Shannon’s entropy is a popular alpha diversity metric because it estimates both richness and evenness in a single equation. However, since its value is dependent on both those parameters, there is theoretically an infinite number of richness/evenness value combinations translating into the same index score.

    Jeff Gauthier, Nicolas Derome
    7 Apr 2021

Resource Report

  • Mapping Gene-by-Gene Single-Nucleotide Variation in 8,535 <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Mycobacterium tuberculosis</span> Genomes: a Resource To Support Potential Vaccine and Drug Development
    Resource Report
    Mapping Gene-by-Gene Single-Nucleotide Variation in 8,535 Mycobacterium tuberculosis Genomes: a Resource To Support Potential Vaccine and Drug Development

    Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In the first half of the 20th century, the discovery of the Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccine and antituberculous drugs heralded a new era in the control of TB.

    Danai Papakonstantinou, Steven J. Dunn, Simon J. Draper, Adam F. Cunningham, Matthew K. O’Shea, Alan McNally
    10 Mar 2021

Erratum

  • Erratum for Gomez et al., “Plasticity in the Human Gut Microbiome Defies Evolutionary Constraints”
    Erratum
    Erratum for Gomez et al., “Plasticity in the Human Gut Microbiome Defies Evolutionary Constraints”
    Andres Gomez, Ashok Kumar Sharma, Elizabeth K. Mallott, Klara J. Petrzelkova, Carolyn A. Jost Robinson, Carl J. Yeoman, Franck Carbonero, Barbora Pafco, Jessica M. Rothman, Alexander Ulanov, Klara Vlckova, Katherine R. Amato, Stephanie L. Schnorr, Nathaniel J. Dominy, David Modry, Angelique Todd, Manolito Torralba, Karen E. Nelson, Michael B. Burns, Ran Blekhman, Melissa Remis, Rebecca M. Stumpf, Brenda A. Wilson, H. Rex Gaskins, Paul A. Garber, Bryan A. White, Steven R. Leigh
    17 Mar 2021

Commentary

  • mSphere of Influence: Courage and Resilience in Life and Science
    Commentary
    mSphere of Influence: Courage and Resilience in Life and Science

    Anat Florentin works in the field of molecular parasitology, studying the cell biology of malaria parasites. In this mSphere of Influence article, she reflects how the book Brave Genius: a Scientist, a Philosopher, and Their Daring Adventures from the French Resistance to the Nobel Prize by Sean B. Carroll (2013) made a powerful impact on her by telling scientific stories in the context of dramatic life events.

    ...
    Anat Florentin
    17 Mar 2021
  • mSphere of Influence: Of Mice, Men, and Microbes—How Well Do Experimental Models Recapitulate Human Infection?
    Commentary
    mSphere of Influence: Of Mice, Men, and Microbes—How Well Do Experimental Models Recapitulate Human Infection?

    Chelsie Armbruster studies catheter-associated urinary tract infection and the contribution of microbe-microbe interactions to infection progression and severity. In this mSphere of Influence article, she reflects on how two papers, A.

    Chelsie E. Armbruster
    31 Mar 2021
  • mSphere of Influence: Viruses—Pathogens or Expert Cell Biologists?
    Commentary
    mSphere of Influence: Viruses—Pathogens or Expert Cell Biologists?

    Chelsey C. Spriggs works in the field of DNA viral entry with a specific interest in virus-host interactions.

    Chelsey C. Spriggs
    31 Mar 2021
  • mSphere of Influence: Drivers of Host-Associated Microbial Community Structure and Change
    Commentary
    mSphere of Influence: Drivers of Host-Associated Microbial Community Structure and Change

    Vanessa L. Hale studies the role of the microbiome in disease susceptibility in animal and human health.

    Vanessa L. Hale
    7 Apr 2021
  • mSphere of Influence: an Army Marching on Its Stomach—Malaria Parasites Sense and Subvert Host Nutrition
    Commentary
    mSphere of Influence: an Army Marching on Its Stomach—Malaria Parasites Sense and Subvert Host Nutrition

    Clare Harding works on the metal biology of the parasite Toxoplasma gondii. In this mSphere of Influence article, she reflects on how two papers from the laboratory of Maria Mota, “Host-mediated regulation of superinfection in malaria” by Portugal et al. (S).

    Clare R. Harding
    14 Apr 2021
  • mSphere of Influence: Role of IRGM1 in Disease Control
    Commentary
    mSphere of Influence: Role of IRGM1 in Disease Control

    Sumanta K. Naik works in the tuberculosis field, with a specific interest in the host immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. In this mSphere of Influence article, he reflects on how the paper “IRGM1 links mitochondrial quality control to autoimmunity” by Prashant Rai et al. (Nat Immunol, 22:312–321, 2021,...

    Sumanta Kumar Naik
    14 Apr 2021
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volume 6, issue 2
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