Article Figures & Data
Figures
- FIG 1
The distribution (gray) of yellow starthistle and sampling sites (circles) for this study. Maps detail the native range in Eurasia (a) and the invasion of western North America (b). Previous work has indicated that Western Europe is the source for the severe invasion in CA, USA (both in dark shading; Barker et al. [36]). Sampling included seven locations in California (b, filled circles), six locations in Western Europe, and an additional two locations in Eastern Europe (a, open circles).
- FIG 2
NMDS plots of bacterial OTU composition in phyllosphere (green), ectorhizosphere (light blue), and endorhizosphere (dark blue) samples from native (open symbols) and invaded (closed symbols) ranges. Plotted are pooled samples for each sampling location, showing overall separation by range within compartment (stress, 0.14) (a), and individual plant endorhizosphere samples within native and invading populations (stress, 0.16) (b). Ellipses indicate 95% confidence intervals for samples grouped by range (native range, dashed lines; invaded range, solid lines).
- FIG 3
Relative abundances of (proportions of reads mapping to) phyla in yellow starthistle phyllosphere, ectorhizosphere, and endorhizosphere samples from native and invaded ranges.
- FIG 4
Distributions of OTU richness (a), evenness (b), and diversity (eH′) (c and d) among samples (pooled plants) from each location in the native and invaded ranges for phyllosphere, ectorhizosphere, and endorhizosphere compartments. Panels a to c show values for all OTUs and panel d shows values based on OTUs from known pathogen-containing genera.
- FIG 5
Distributions of endorhizosphere OTU richness (a), evenness (b), and diversity (eH′) (c and d) among individual plants at each location in the native and invaded ranges. Panels a to c show values for all OTUs and panel d shows values based on OTUs from known pathogen-containing genera.
- FIG 6
Bacterial diversity (eH′) in endorhizosphere samples pooled by sampling location, as a function of the genetic diversity among plants at the same sites (calculated as the average proportion of pairwise nucleotide differences between alleles [π] at variable positions in the genome; from Barker et al. [36]). Lines show significant positive relationships (linear model, P = 0.02) between microbial and plant diversity at sampling locations in both the native range (open symbols, dashed line) and the invaded range (closed symbols, solid line).
Supplemental Material
TABLE S1
Collecting information for populations sampled in this study, including designation codes, localities, coordinates, sampling dates, and specimen accession numbers of plant collections at ARIZ. Download Table S1, DOCX file, 0.1 MB.
Copyright © 2019 Lu-Irving et al.
This content is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.
FIG S1
Frequency distributions of unrarefied read counts for samples from all four plant compartments (native and invading population samples combined), as well as control (blank) samples. Vertical red lines indicate thresholds for rarefaction where relevant. Download FIG S1, EPS file, 1.3 MB.
Copyright © 2019 Lu-Irving et al.
This content is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.
TABLE S2
Comparison of host chloroplast blocking levels achieved by different PNA clamps in pooled endorhizosphere samples from two populations. Download Table S2, DOCX file, 0.05 MB.
Copyright © 2019 Lu-Irving et al.
This content is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.
FIG S2
NMDS plot of bacterial OTU composition in unrarefied control, phyllosphere, leaf endosphere, ectorhizosphere, and endorhizosphere samples (stress, 0.10). Download FIG S2, EPS file, 0.8 MB.
Copyright © 2019 Lu-Irving et al.
This content is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.
FIG S3
Yellow starthistle populations clustered according to Bray-Curtis dissimilarity between rarefied, square root-transformed pooled samples from three plant compartments. Download FIG S3, EPS file, 0.7 MB.
Copyright © 2019 Lu-Irving et al.
This content is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.
FIG S4
Heatmaps showing the fraction of reads mapping to each of the top 25 OTUs in rarefied bulk samples from three plant compartments. The top five OTUs contributing to the first principal component separating native and invaded samples in each compartment are indicated with an asterisk. Taxonomic assignments for each OTU are given to the lowest taxonomic rank identified. Download FIG S4, EPS file, 0.6 MB.
Copyright © 2019 Lu-Irving et al.
This content is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.
TABLE S3
Loading by top 10 individual OTUs along first principal component axis from analysis of Hellinger-transformed data matrices for three plant compartments. Download Table S3, DOCX file, 0.08 MB.
Copyright © 2019 Lu-Irving et al.
This content is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.
FIG S5
Proportion of rarefied read counts assigned to pathogen-containing genera in all samples according to plant compartment and range. Download FIG S5, EPS file, 1.2 MB.
Copyright © 2019 Lu-Irving et al.
This content is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.
