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    • mSphere of Influence: Commentaries from Early Career Microbiologists
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Host-Microbe Biology

  • Open Access
    The Genetic Transformation of <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Chlamydia pneumoniae</span>
    Research Article | Host-Microbe Biology
    The Genetic Transformation of Chlamydia pneumoniae

    The absence of tools for the genetic manipulation of C. pneumoniae has hampered research into all aspects of its biology. In this study, we established a novel reproducible method for C. pneumoniae transformation based on a plasmid shuttle vector system. We constructed a...

    Kensuke Shima, Maximilian Wanker, Rachel J. Skilton, Lesley T. Cutcliffe, Christiane Schnee, Thomas A. Kohl, Stefan Niemann, Javier Geijo, Matthias Klinger, Peter Timms, Thomas Rattei, Konrad Sachse, Ian N. Clarke, Jan Rupp
  • Open Access
    Most <em>Sinorhizobium meliloti</em> Extracytoplasmic Function Sigma Factors Control Accessory Functions
    Research Article | Host-Microbe Biology
    Most Sinorhizobium meliloti Extracytoplasmic Function Sigma Factors Control Accessory Functions

    Fixed (reduced) soil nitrogen plays a critical role in soil fertility and successful food growth. Much soil fertility relies on symbiotic nitrogen fixation: the bacterial partner infects the host plant roots and reduces atmospheric dinitrogen in exchange for host metabolic fuel, a process that involves complex interactions between the partners mediated by changes in gene expression in each partner. Here we test the roles of a family of...

    Claus Lang, Melanie J. Barnett, Robert F. Fisher, Lucinda S. Smith, Michelle E. Diodati, Sharon R. Long
  • Open Access
    Highly Reduced Genome of the New Species <em>Mycobacterium uberis</em>, the Causative Agent of Nodular Thelitis and Tuberculoid Scrotitis in Livestock and a Close Relative of the Leprosy Bacilli
    Research Article | Host-Microbe Biology
    Highly Reduced Genome of the New Species Mycobacterium uberis, the Causative Agent of Nodular Thelitis and Tuberculoid Scrotitis in Livestock and a Close Relative of the Leprosy Bacilli

    M. uberis is an emerging skin pathogen in dairy animals. Its genome underwent massive reduction and gene decay, leading to a minimal set of genes required for an obligatory intracellular lifestyle, which highly resembles the evolution of the leprosy agents M. leprae and...

    Andrej Benjak, Charlotte Avanzi, Yvonne Benito, Franck Breysse, Christophe Chartier, Maria-Laura Boschiroli, Christine Fourichon, Lorraine Michelet, Didier Pin, Jean-Pierre Flandrois, Pierre Bruyere, Oana Dumitrescu, Stewart T. Cole, Gerard Lina
  • Open Access
    The Interferon-Induced Exonuclease ISG20 Exerts Antiviral Activity through Upregulation of Type I Interferon Response Proteins
    Research Article | Host-Microbe Biology
    The Interferon-Induced Exonuclease ISG20 Exerts Antiviral Activity through Upregulation of Type I Interferon Response Proteins

    The host immune responses to infection lead to the production of type I interferon (IFN), and the upregulation of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) reduces virus replication and virus dissemination within a host. Ectopic expression of the interferon-induced 20-kDa exonuclease ISG20 suppressed replication of chikungunya virus and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, two mosquito-vectored RNA alphaviruses. Since the replication of...

    Christopher M. Weiss, Derek W. Trobaugh, Chengqun Sun, Tiffany M. Lucas, Michael S. Diamond, Kate D. Ryman, William B. Klimstra
  • Open Access
    The <em>Toxoplasma gondii</em> Active Serine Hydrolase 4 Regulates Parasite Division and Intravacuolar Parasite Architecture
    Research Article | Host-Microbe Biology
    The Toxoplasma gondii Active Serine Hydrolase 4 Regulates Parasite Division and Intravacuolar Parasite Architecture

    This work defines the function of an enzyme in the obligate intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii. We show that this previously uncharacterized enzyme is critical for aspects of cellular division by the parasite and that loss of this enzyme leads to parasites with cell division defects and which also are disorganized inside their vacuoles. This leads to defects in...

    Ian T. Foe, Ouma Onguka, Katherine Amberg-Johnson, Rikki M. Garner, Neri Amara, Wandy Beatty, Ellen Yeh, Matthew Bogyo
  • Open Access
    Bats Are an Untapped System for Understanding Microbiome Evolution in Mammals
    Perspective | Host-Microbe Biology
    Bats Are an Untapped System for Understanding Microbiome Evolution in Mammals

    Mammals evolved in a microbial world, and consequently, microbial symbionts have played a role in their evolution. An exciting new subdiscipline of metagenomics considers the ways in which microbes, particularly those found in the gut, have facilitated the ecological and phylogenetic radiation of mammals.

    Melissa R. Ingala, Nancy B. Simmons, Susan L. Perkins
  • Open Access
    Transient Nutrient Deprivation Promotes Macropinocytosis-Dependent Intracellular Bacterial Community Development
    Editor's Pick Research Article | Host-Microbe Biology
    Transient Nutrient Deprivation Promotes Macropinocytosis-Dependent Intracellular Bacterial Community Development

    Otitis media is the most common bacterial infection in childhood. Current therapies are limited in the prevention of chronic or recurrent otitis media which leads to increased antibiotic exposure and represents a significant socioeconomic burden. In this study, we delineate the effect of nutritional limitation on the intracellular trafficking pathways used by nontypeable ...

    Rachael L. Hardison, Derek R. Heimlich, Alistair Harrison, Wandy L. Beatty, Sarah Rains, M. Arthur Moseley, J. Will Thompson, Sheryl S. Justice, Kevin M. Mason
  • Open Access
    The Transcription Factor VdHapX Controls Iron Homeostasis and Is Crucial for Virulence in the Vascular Pathogen <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Verticillium dahliae</span>
    Research Article | Host-Microbe Biology
    The Transcription Factor VdHapX Controls Iron Homeostasis and Is Crucial for Virulence in the Vascular Pathogen Verticillium dahliae

    This study demonstrated that VdHapX is a conserved protein that mediates adaptation to iron starvation and excesses, affects microsclerotium formation, and is crucial for virulence of V. dahliae.

    Yonglin Wang, Chenglin Deng, Longyan Tian, Dianguang Xiong, Chengming Tian, Steven J. Klosterman
  • Open Access
    Germinant Synergy Facilitates <span class="named-content genus-species" id="named-content-1">Clostridium difficile</span> Spore Germination under Physiological Conditions
    Research Article | Host-Microbe Biology
    Germinant Synergy Facilitates Clostridium difficile Spore Germination under Physiological Conditions

    Clostridium difficile is an anaerobic spore-forming human pathogen that is the leading cause of nosocomial infectious diarrhea worldwide. Germination of infectious spores is the first step in the development of a C. difficile infection (CDI) after ingestion and passage through the stomach. This...

    Travis J. Kochan, Michelle S. Shoshiev, Jessica L. Hastie, Madeline J. Somers, Yael M. Plotnick, Daniela F. Gutierrez-Munoz, Elissa D. Foss, Alyxandria M. Schubert, Ashley D. Smith, Sally K. Zimmerman, Paul E. Carlson, Philip C. Hanna
  • Open Access
    Changes in the Gut Microbiota of Urban Subjects during an Immersion in the Traditional Diet and Lifestyle of a Rainforest Village
    Research Article | Host-Microbe Biology
    Changes in the Gut Microbiota of Urban Subjects during an Immersion in the Traditional Diet and Lifestyle of a Rainforest Village

    Despite the limitations of a small study, our results evidence higher resilience of the gut microbiota with respect to dietary manipulation in adults than in children and urge further studies to understand the extent of microbiota plasticity in response to dietary changes and the mechanisms underlying microbiota resilience. These studies are relevant to the potential of future human pre- and probiotics in preventing or curing microbiota...

    Kelly V. Ruggles, Jincheng Wang, Angelina Volkova, Monica Contreras, Oscar Noya-Alarcon, Orlana Lander, Hortensia Caballero, Maria G. Dominguez-Bello

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